“Molecular Functions”  

Molecular Cell Functions

  In our body's cells, Cellular Molecular Functions are the elemental activities describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
  Examples of some cellular molecular functions include:

• enzyme regulator activities (enzyme activities regulators)
• membrane transporters
• Chemoattractant Activities (Attractants)
• Chemorepellent Activities (Repellants)

  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of molecular functions include:

binding acyl binding amide binding amine binding carbohydrate binding carbohydrate derivative binding carbon dioxide binding cellulose binding collagen fibril binding epinephrine binding extracellular matrix binding hormone binding hydroxyapatite binding intermediate filament binding ion binding lipid binding modified amino acid binding organic cyclic compound binding pigment binding protein binding protein-containing complex binding small molecule binding sulfur compound binding

catalytic activity catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid catalytic activity, acting on a protein hydrolase activity transferase activity molecular transducer activity signaling receptor activity transporter activity lipid transporter activity protein transporter activity transmembrane transporter activity

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“Antioxidant Defence System (Antioxidant Network)”  

Antioxidant Network

  In our body, the Antioxidant Network is a systemic series of interconnected body nutrients (antioxidants), involved in maintaining the body's electrical Antioxidant Homeostasis via the quenching of internal radical species.

The Antioxidant Network can be categorized into three main groups:

1. Endogenous, which is from the production at the cellular level of internal antioxidants in the body.
2. Exogenous, which is from the nutrients that have antioxidant capacity in our diet.
3. Recyclers, which is from the nutrients that have antioxidant capacity in our diet and made within our body.

  In our body, the available antioxidant nutrients involved in the Antioxidant Network originate from both Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants while continuously being reinforced by the Antioxidant Recyclers.

The Role of Antioxidants

Antioxidants are vital in combating the free radicals that are constantly forming in our bodies due to oxidation. Free radicals damage the cells in our bodies, and an imbalance of free radicals causes oxidative stress which can cause grave disturbances in cellular metabolism. By curbing the activity of free radicals in our body, we can slow down the processes that cause disease and ageing, and live a longer, healthier life.

Our bodies gain antioxidants from two sources:

• Our body's in-house antioxidants endogenous, are Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), catalase glutathione and more.
• Dietary antioxidants exogenous are direct sources from fruits, vegetables, nuts, grains and more.

To reduce the free radical damage in our bodies, we need to add more antioxidants to our diets.

As we age our body's defense system loses its effectiveness and we hold fewer antioxidants. Fewer free radicals are neutralized and there is a slow build-up of damaged molecules in the body.

Antioxidant Activities

  In our body's antioxidant network, Antioxidant Activities are cellular molecular functions, of antioxidants applied to components that can trap, as free radical scavenging substances, free radicals, by inhibiting the reactions brought about usually by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides, thereby breaking the chain reaction. **

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“Binding”  

  In our body, Binding is the molecular function (cellular molecular function) of a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of binding include:

acyl binding amide binding amine binding carbohydrate binding carbohydrate derivative binding carbon dioxide binding cellulose binding collagen fibril binding epinephrine binding extracellular matrix binding hormone binding

hydroxyapatite binding intermediate filament binding ion binding lipid binding modified amino acid binding organic cyclic compound binding pigment binding protein binding protein-containing complex binding small molecule binding sulfur compound binding

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“Catalytic Activities”  

Catalytic Activity

  In our body, Catalytic Activity a cellular molecular function, is the biocatalysis of a biochemical reactions at physiological temperatures from biocatalysts of naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. **

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“Channel Regulator Activities”  

Channel Regulator Activity

  In our body, Channel Regulator Activities are cellular molecular functions that modulates the activity of a channel.
  Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of Channel Regulator Activity include:

• channel inhibitor activity
• channel activator activity
• ion channel regulator activity

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“Chemoattractant Activities (Attractants)”  

Chemoattractant Activity

  In our body, Chemoattractant Activities (Attractants) are the cellular molecular functions of providing the environmental signals that initiate the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal. **

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“Chemorepellent Activities (Repellants)”  

Chemorepellent Activity

  In our body, Chemorepellent Activities (Repellants) are the cellular molecular functions of providing the environmental signals that initiate the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal. **

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“Electron Carrier Activities”  

Electron Transporter Activities

  In our body, Electron Carrier Activities (Electron Transporter Activities) are cellular molecular functions of a molecular entity, that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport system. **

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“Effectors (Enzyme Modulators)”  

Enzyme Modulator (Effector)

  In biochemistry, an Effector is a small molecule which increases (as an activator) or decreases (as an inhibitor) the activity of an (allosteric) enzyme by binding to the enzyme at the regulatory site (which is different from the substrate-binding catalytic site).

Enzyme Regulator Activities

  In biochemistry, an enzyme regulator activity (enzyme activity regulator) is a cellular molecular function that modulates the activity of an enzyme. **

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“Molecular Transducer Activities”  

Molecular Transducer Activity

  In our body, Molecular Transducer Activities are cellular molecular functions, that accept an input of one form and creates an output of a different form. **

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“Metallochaperone Activities”  

Metallochaperone Activity

  In our body, Metallochaperone Activity is the cellular molecular function of assisting in the delivery of metal ions (metallochaperones) to target proteins or compartments. **

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“Nutrient Reservoir Activities”  

Nutrient Reservoir Activity

  In our body, Nutrient Reservoir Activities are the cellular molecular functions involving the storage of nutritient substrates. **

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“Proteasome Regulator Activities”  

Proteasome Regulator Activity

  In our body, Proteasome Regulator Activities are cellular molecular functions that modulates the activity of the proteasome complexes (proteasome endopeptidase complexes). **

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“Structural Molecule Activities”  

Structural Molecule Activity

  In our body's cells, Structural Molecule Activity is the cellular molecular function of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell. **

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“Transcriptional Regulator Activities”  

Gene Expression Regulation

  In our body's cells, Transcriptional Regulator Activities (Gene Expression Regulations), a cellular molecular function, plays a role in regulating transcription, which may bind a promoter or enhancer DNA sequence or interact with a DNA-binding transcription factor.

Transcription & Gene Expression Regulation

  In our body's cells, Gene Expression Regulation is any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
  Examples of some gene expression regulation topics include:

• Catabolite Repression
• Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
• Down-Regulation
• Ectopic Gene Expression
• Genetic Epigenesis
• Genetic Epistasis
• Ribosomal Frameshifting
• Gene Amplification
• Translational Protein Modification
• Post-Transcriptional RNA Processing
• Transcriptional Activation
• Up-Regulation

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“Translation Regulator Activity (Translation Factor Activity)”  

Translation Factor Activity

  In our body's cells, Translation Regulator Activity (Translation Factor Activity) is the cellular molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.

Translation (Genetics)

  In our body, DNA is used to make RNA, which, in turn, is used to make protein. A DNA sequence in genes is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes then read the information in this RNA and use it to create proteins. This process is known as "Translation (Genetics)", i.e. the Ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA into proteins. **

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“Membrane Transporter Proteins (Membrane Transporters)”  

Membrane Transporters

  In and on our body's cells, Membrane Transporters are a group of membrane proteins that form intricate networks of channels, carriers, pumps, group translocators and electron flow carriers that determine the molecular compositions and energy states of cells.

Membrane Transporter Activities

  In our body, Membrane Transporter activities as cellular molecular functions that enable the directed movement of substances such as the transfer nutrients, end products of metabolism, toxic substances, macromolecules, signaling molecules, electrons and many other cellular constituents from source to sink, resulting in the cellular uptake and extrusion of compounds.
  Examples of membrane transporter proteins include:

• ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters +
• Amino Acid Transport Systems +
• Connexins +
• Fatty Acid Transport Proteins +
• Ion Channels +
• Ion Pumps +
• Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins +
• Monosaccharide Transport Proteins +
• Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins +
• Nucleobase, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, and Nucleic Acid Transport Proteins +
• Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins +
• SEC Translocation Channels +
• solute carrier protein family (SLC genes) +

Also see:

• Transporters Classifications

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